The social and economic impact of volcanic eruptions in the world can be seen in various aspects that affect society and the economy in both the short and long term. Volcanic eruptions create a number of complex consequences, which range from physical damage to impacts on public health. First of all, the direct impacts of volcanic eruptions such as ash, lava and dangerous gases cause loss of life and damage to infrastructure. Communities living around eruption-prone areas, especially those in the path of lava flows, often experience loss of homes, agricultural land and access to other important resources. This destruction forced population displacement, creating major social problems such as an increase in the number of refugees. From an economic perspective, volcanic eruptions can destroy the agricultural sector which depends on fertile land. In the short term, agricultural products may not be able to be harvested or sold, burdening family incomes. Apart from that, the impact on the tourism sector is also significant. Tourist areas renowned for their natural beauty can lose their appeal when an eruption occurs, impacting local incomes and employment opportunities. Furthermore, the social impacts of volcanic eruptions can cause psychological uncertainty among affected communities. Trauma resulting from the loss of loved ones and living environments can trigger mental problems, such as depression and anxiety. Education is also hampered, because children who are forced to flee cannot participate in the teaching and learning process properly. In the long term, recovery from volcanic eruptions requires a long time and large investments. Rebuilding infrastructure, rehabilitating land, and providing basic health services are challenges that the government must face. Research shows that affected areas often take decades to return to pre-eruption conditions. However, on the other hand, several communities have succeeded in using volcanic eruptions to increase awareness of potential dangers and the importance of disaster mitigation. Education about eruption risks, preparedness training, and development of early warning systems can be part of an adaptation strategy that brings social benefits. Modern technology also plays an important role in predicting volcanic activity, so that communities can be warned early and reduce the economic and social impact. Scientific research that continues to be developed regarding the interaction between volcanic activity and climate change can increase understanding of these natural processes, which in turn enables strategic planning for risk mitigation. The multifaceted impact of volcanic eruptions explains the need for streamlined policies in dealing with disasters. Increased collaboration between government, non-governmental organizations and local communities is urgently needed to create a better system for dealing with the risk of eruptions and their impacts. Absorbing information and experience from previous eruptions is also vital to reduce negative impacts in the future.
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